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# Introduction

Once one has obtained a solid understanding of the fundamentals of Fourier series analysis and the General Derivation of the Fourier Coefficients, it is useful to have an understanding of the common signals used in Fourier Series Signal Approximation.

# Deriving the Coefficients

Consider a square wave f(x) of length 1. Over the range [0,1), this can be written as

$x ( t ) = 1 t ≤ 1 2 ; - 1 t > 1 2 . x ( t ) = 1 t ≤ 1 2 ; - 1 t > 1 2 .$
1
Fourier series approximation of a square wave

Real Even Signals

Given that the square wave is a real and even signal,

• $f(t)=f(-t)f(t)=f(-t)$ EVEN
• $f(t)=ff(t)=f$*$(t)(t)$ REAL
• therefore,
• $cn=c-ncn=c-n$ EVEN
• $cn=cncn=cn$* REAL

# Deriving the Coefficients for other signals

The Square wave is the standard example, but other important signals are also useful to analyze, and these are included here.

# Constant Waveform

This signal is relatively self-explanatory: the time-varying portion of the Fourier Coefficient is taken out, and we are left simply with a constant function over all time.

$x ( t ) = 1 x ( t ) = 1$
2

Fourier series approximation of a constant wave

# Sinusoid Waveform

With this signal, only a specific frequency of time-varying Coefficient is chosen (given that the Fourier Series equation includes a sine wave, this is intuitive), and all others are filtered out, and this single time-varying coefficient will exactly match the desired signal.

$x ( t ) = c o s ( 2 π t ) x ( t ) = c o s ( 2 π t )$
3

Fourier series approximation of a sinusoid wave

# Triangle Waveform

$x ( t ) = t t ≤ 1 / 2 1 - t t > 1 / 2 x ( t ) = t t ≤ 1 / 2 1 - t t > 1 / 2$
4
This is a more complex form of signal approximation to the square wave. Because of the Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Series, the triangle wave is a real and odd signal, as opposed to the real and even square wave signal. This means that
• $f(t)=-f(-t)f(t)=-f(-t)$ ODD
• $f(t)=ff(t)=f$*$(t)(t)$ REAL
• therefore,
• $c n = - c - n c n = - c - n$
• $cn=-cncn=-cn$* IMAGINARY

Fourier series approximation of a triangle wave

# Sawtooth Waveform

$x ( t ) = t / 2 x ( t ) = t / 2$
5
Because of the Symmetry Properties of the Fourier Series, the sawtooth wave can be defined as a real and odd signal, as opposed to the real and even square wave signal. This has important implications for the Fourier Coefficients.

Fourier series approximation of a sawtooth wave

# Conclusion

To summarize, a great deal of variety exists among the common Fourier Transforms. A summary table is provided here with the essential information.

 Description Time Domain Signal for $n∈Z[0,N-1]n∈Z[0,N-1]$ Frequency Domain Signal $k∈Z[0,N-1]k∈Z[0,N-1]$ Constant Function 1 $δ ( k ) δ ( k )$ Unit Impulse $δ ( n ) δ ( n )$ $1 N 1 N$ Complex Exponential $e j 2 π m n / N e j 2 π m n / N$ $δ ( ( k - m ) N ) δ ( ( k - m ) N )$ Sinusoid Waveform $c o s ( j 2 π m n / N ) c o s ( j 2 π m n / N )$ $1 2 ( δ ( ( k - m ) N ) + δ ( ( k + m ) N ) ) 1 2 ( δ ( ( k - m ) N ) + δ ( ( k + m ) N ) )$ Box Waveform $(M $δ ( n ) + ∑ m = 1 M δ ( ( n - m ) N ) + δ ( ( n + m ) N ) δ ( n ) + ∑ m = 1 M δ ( ( n - m ) N ) + δ ( ( n + m ) N )$ $sin ( ( 2 M + 1 ) k π / N ) N sin ( k π / N ) sin ( ( 2 M + 1 ) k π / N ) N sin ( k π / N )$ Dsinc Waveform $(M $sin ( ( 2 M + 1 ) n π / N ) sin ( n π / N ) sin ( ( 2 M + 1 ) n π / N ) sin ( n π / N )$ $δ ( k ) + ∑ m = 1 M δ ( ( k - m ) N ) + δ ( ( k + m ) N ) δ ( k ) + ∑ m = 1 M δ ( ( k - m ) N ) + δ ( ( k + m ) N )$